Answer of Word Craze Stripped bare
This is a tricky question of Word Craze which last appeared on Level 3402. Meanings or answers can change from time to time with each game update if you noticed a change on the answer of this clue please do let us know by commenting below so we can fix it A.S.A.P.
The solution below is:
Denuded
For other clue answers of Level 3402 Word Craze Level 3402 Answer open the the level link.